Region
Africa
Global Rank
94/126
Regional Rank
12/30
Score
3.945
Côte D'Ivoire’s IPRI score decreased by -0.125 to 3.945 placing it 12nd in the Africa region and 94th in the world. Côte D'Ivoire is classified by the IMF as part of the Sub-Saharan Africa group and by the World Bank as Lower middle income country.
Côte D'Ivoire’s Legal and Political Subindex increased by 0.055 to 3.641 with scores of 2.102 in Judicial Independence, 4.078 in Rule of Law, 4.011 in Political Stability, and 4.374 in Control of Corruption.
Côte D'Ivoire’s Physical Property Rights Subindex decreased by -0.432 to 3.658 with scores of 5 in perception of Property Rights Protection, 5.073 in Registering Property, and 0.9 in Ease of Access to Loans.
Côte D'Ivoire’s Intellectual Property Rights Subindex did not change and remained at 4.536 with scores of 4.791 in perception of Intellectual Property Protection, 4.817 in Patent Protection, data wasn't available to measure Copyright Protection, and 4 in Trademark Protection.
Côte D'Ivoire is a member of the following regional integration agreements
- ECOWAS
Côte d'Ivoire - IPRI Overall Score
Côte d'Ivoire - IPRI Overall Score
- 1: IPRI
- 2: Legal and Political Subindex
- 3. Judicial Independence
- 4. Rule of Law
- 5. Control of Corruption
- 6. Political Stability
- 7. Physical Property Rights Subindex
- 8. Property Rights Protection
- 9. Registering Property
- 10. Ease of Access to Loans
- 11. Intellectual Property Rights Subindex
- 12. Intellectual Property Rights
- 13. Patent Protection
- 14. Copyright Protection
- 15. Trademark Protection
Côte d'Ivoire - IPRI Overall Score
| Statistic | Score | Global | Region | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Overall | 3.110 | 118 | 22 | 2010 |
| Overall | 3.700 | 118 | 21 | 2011 |
| Overall | 3.800 | 118 | 21 | 2012 |
| Overall | 3.900 | 118 | 23 | 2013 |
| Overall | 4.100 | 88 | 18 | 2014 |
| Overall | 4.224 | 95 | 15 | 2015 |
| Overall | 4.732 | 81 | 9 | 2016 |
| Overall | 4.587 | 95 | 17 | 2017 |
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Overall | 4.785 | 96 | 13 | 2019 |
| Overall | 4.883 | 92 | 11 | 2020 |
| Overall | 4.265 | 109 | 17 | 2021 |
| Overall | 3.810 | 109 | 16 | 2022 |
| Overall | 3.955 | 101 | 14 | 2023 |
| Overall | 4.071 | 100 | 14 | 2024 |
| Overall | 3.945 | 94 | 12 | 2025 |
| Legal and Political | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Legal and Political | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Legal and Political | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Legal and Political | 1.739 | 118 | 21 | 2010 |
| Legal and Political | 2.400 | 120 | 22 | 2011 |
| Legal and Political | 2.500 | 119 | 21 | 2012 |
| Legal and Political | 2.600 | 121 | 24 | 2013 |
| Legal and Political | 2.250 | 95 | 22 | 2014 |
| Legal and Political | 3.292 | 102 | 15 | 2015 |
| Legal and Political | 3.988 | 86 | 11 | 2016 |
| Legal and Political | 3.917 | 90 | 12 | 2017 |
| Legal and Political | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Legal and Political | 3.383 | 111 | 18 | 2019 |
| Legal and Political | 3.592 | 106 | 17 | 2020 |
| Legal and Political | 3.501 | 105 | 17 | 2021 |
| Legal and Political | 3.447 | 107 | 17 | 2022 |
| Legal and Political | 3.299 | 104 | 17 | 2023 |
| Legal and Political | 3.586 | 94 | 13 | 2024 |
| Legal and Political | 3.641 | 95 | 13 | 2025 |
| Physical | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Physical | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Physical | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Physical | 4.285 | 112 | 20 | 2010 |
| Physical | 5.000 | 110 | 18 | 2011 |
| Physical | 5.000 | 117 | 21 | 2012 |
| Physical | 5.200 | 113 | 20 | 2013 |
| Physical | 5.167 | 87 | 18 | 2014 |
| Physical | 5.593 | 73 | 8 | 2015 |
| Physical | 5.987 | 52 | 5 | 2016 |
| Physical | 5.725 | 81 | 12 | 2017 |
| Physical | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Physical | 6.888 | 47 | 3 | 2019 |
| Physical | 6.833 | 51 | 3 | 2020 |
| Physical | 5.368 | 108 | 15 | 2021 |
| Physical | 4.058 | 109 | 16 | 2022 |
| Physical | 4.030 | 106 | 15 | 2023 |
| Physical | 4.090 | 102 | 15 | 2024 |
| Physical | 3.658 | 92 | 8 | 2025 |
| Intellectual | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Intellectual | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Intellectual | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Intellectual | 3.306 | 100 | 19 | 2010 |
| Intellectual | 3.800 | 103 | 20 | 2011 |
| Intellectual | 3.900 | 99 | 19 | 2012 |
| Intellectual | 3.900 | 103 | 23 | 2013 |
| Intellectual | 3.900 | 86 | 18 | 2014 |
| Intellectual | 3.786 | 101 | 20 | 2015 |
| Intellectual | 4.222 | 93 | 17 | 2016 |
| Intellectual | 4.120 | 105 | 23 | 2017 |
| Intellectual | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Intellectual | 4.084 | 104 | 21 | 2019 |
| Intellectual | 4.225 | 101 | 21 | 2020 |
| Intellectual | 3.927 | 109 | 18 | 2021 |
| Intellectual | 3.927 | 109 | 18 | 2022 |
| Intellectual | 4.536 | 96 | 14 | 2023 |
| Intellectual | 4.536 | 97 | 14 | 2024 |
| Intellectual | 4.536 | 93 | 14 | 2025 |
| Statistic | Score | Global | Region | Year |
Côte d'Ivoire - Legal and Political Environment
| Statistic | Score | Global | Region | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Overall | 1.739 | 118 | 21 | 2010 |
| Overall | 2.400 | 120 | 22 | 2011 |
| Overall | 2.500 | 119 | 21 | 2012 |
| Overall | 2.600 | 121 | 24 | 2013 |
| Overall | 2.250 | 95 | 22 | 2014 |
| Overall | 3.292 | 102 | 15 | 2015 |
| Overall | 3.988 | 86 | 11 | 2016 |
| Overall | 3.917 | 90 | 12 | 2017 |
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Overall | 3.383 | 111 | 18 | 2019 |
| Overall | 3.592 | 106 | 17 | 2020 |
| Overall | 3.501 | 105 | 17 | 2021 |
| Overall | 3.447 | 107 | 17 | 2022 |
| Overall | 3.299 | 104 | 17 | 2023 |
| Overall | 3.586 | 94 | 13 | 2024 |
| Overall | 3.641 | 95 | 13 | 2025 |
| Judicial Independence | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Judicial Independence | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Judicial Independence | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Judicial Independence | 1.150 | 117 | 22 | 2010 |
| Judicial Independence | 2.800 | 119 | 23 | 2011 |
| Judicial Independence | 2.600 | 118 | 22 | 2012 |
| Judicial Independence | 3.000 | 120 | 25 | 2013 |
| Judicial Independence | 3.500 | 84 | 17 | 2014 |
| Judicial Independence | 3.710 | 81 | 10 | 2015 |
| Judicial Independence | 5.024 | 59 | 10 | 2016 |
| Judicial Independence | 4.291 | 80 | 15 | 2017 |
| Judicial Independence | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Judicial Independence | 2.418 | 112 | 23 | 2019 |
| Judicial Independence | 2.761 | 108 | 22 | 2020 |
| Judicial Independence | 2.761 | 108 | 22 | 2021 |
| Judicial Independence | 2.761 | 108 | 22 | 2022 |
| Judicial Independence | 1.995 | 100 | 22 | 2023 |
| Judicial Independence | 2.033 | 102 | 22 | 2024 |
| Judicial Independence | 2.102 | 103 | 23 | 2025 |
| Rule of Law | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Rule of Law | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Rule of Law | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Rule of Law | 1.960 | 116 | 20 | 2010 |
| Rule of Law | 2.300 | 119 | 21 | 2011 |
| Rule of Law | 2.600 | 119 | 20 | 2012 |
| Rule of Law | 2.500 | 120 | 23 | 2013 |
| Rule of Law | 2.800 | 88 | 19 | 2014 |
| Rule of Law | 3.136 | 109 | 18 | 2015 |
| Rule of Law | 3.782 | 97 | 15 | 2016 |
| Rule of Law | 3.762 | 98 | 15 | 2017 |
| Rule of Law | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Rule of Law | 3.737 | 100 | 17 | 2019 |
| Rule of Law | 3.841 | 98 | 15 | 2020 |
| Rule of Law | 3.866 | 97 | 14 | 2021 |
| Rule of Law | 3.801 | 99 | 14 | 2022 |
| Rule of Law | 3.733 | 98 | 15 | 2023 |
| Rule of Law | 4.041 | 87 | 10 | 2024 |
| Rule of Law | 4.078 | 87 | 10 | 2025 |
| Political Stability | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Political Stability | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Political Stability | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Political Stability | 1.184 | 115 | 20 | 2010 |
| Political Stability | 1.900 | 116 | 20 | 2011 |
| Political Stability | 1.900 | 114 | 20 | 2012 |
| Political Stability | 2.200 | 115 | 23 | 2013 |
| Political Stability | 2.500 | 83 | 17 | 2014 |
| Political Stability | 2.897 | 99 | 18 | 2015 |
| Political Stability | 2.972 | 112 | 21 | 2016 |
| Political Stability | 3.452 | 99 | 18 | 2017 |
| Political Stability | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Political Stability | 3.419 | 114 | 22 | 2019 |
| Political Stability | 3.764 | 108 | 19 | 2020 |
| Political Stability | 3.428 | 110 | 19 | 2021 |
| Political Stability | 3.278 | 109 | 17 | 2022 |
| Political Stability | 3.214 | 103 | 16 | 2023 |
| Political Stability | 3.967 | 87 | 12 | 2024 |
| Political Stability | 4.011 | 95 | 14 | 2025 |
| Control of Corruption | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Control of Corruption | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Control of Corruption | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Control of Corruption | 2.660 | 117 | 20 | 2010 |
| Control of Corruption | 2.700 | 119 | 21 | 2011 |
| Control of Corruption | 2.700 | 118 | 21 | 2012 |
| Control of Corruption | 2.800 | 118 | 23 | 2013 |
| Control of Corruption | 3.200 | 83 | 15 | 2014 |
| Control of Corruption | 3.426 | 100 | 15 | 2015 |
| Control of Corruption | 4.173 | 75 | 7 | 2016 |
| Control of Corruption | 4.164 | 77 | 9 | 2017 |
| Control of Corruption | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Control of Corruption | 3.956 | 84 | 10 | 2019 |
| Control of Corruption | 4.002 | 84 | 12 | 2020 |
| Control of Corruption | 3.950 | 87 | 12 | 2021 |
| Control of Corruption | 3.947 | 89 | 13 | 2022 |
| Control of Corruption | 4.256 | 74 | 10 | 2023 |
| Control of Corruption | 4.303 | 71 | 9 | 2024 |
| Control of Corruption | 4.374 | 67 | 9 | 2025 |
| Statistic | Score | Global | Region | Year |
Côte d'Ivoire - Physical Property Rights
| Statistic | Score | Global | Region | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Overall | 4.285 | 112 | 20 | 2010 |
| Overall | 5.000 | 110 | 18 | 2011 |
| Overall | 5.000 | 117 | 21 | 2012 |
| Overall | 5.200 | 113 | 20 | 2013 |
| Overall | 5.167 | 87 | 18 | 2014 |
| Overall | 5.593 | 73 | 8 | 2015 |
| Overall | 5.987 | 52 | 5 | 2016 |
| Overall | 5.725 | 81 | 12 | 2017 |
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Overall | 6.888 | 47 | 3 | 2019 |
| Overall | 6.833 | 51 | 3 | 2020 |
| Overall | 5.368 | 108 | 15 | 2021 |
| Overall | 4.058 | 109 | 16 | 2022 |
| Overall | 4.030 | 106 | 15 | 2023 |
| Overall | 4.090 | 102 | 15 | 2024 |
| Overall | 3.658 | 92 | 8 | 2025 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 4.300 | 101 | 17 | 2010 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 4.800 | 102 | 17 | 2011 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 4.500 | 110 | 19 | 2012 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 4.600 | 110 | 22 | 2013 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 4.900 | 75 | 14 | 2014 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 4.222 | 94 | 13 | 2015 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 5.408 | 62 | 7 | 2016 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 5.402 | 67 | 8 | 2017 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 4.772 | 98 | 17 | 2019 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 4.906 | 95 | 15 | 2020 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 4.906 | 95 | 15 | 2021 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 4.906 | 95 | 15 | 2022 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 4.906 | 91 | 14 | 2023 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 4.906 | 91 | 14 | 2024 |
| Perception of Physical Property Protection | 5.000 | 73 | 7 | 2025 |
| Registering Process | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Registering Process | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Registering Process | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Registering Process | 7.854 | 74 | 9 | 2010 |
| Registering Process | 8.000 | 75 | 11 | 2011 |
| Registering Process | 8.100 | 81 | 11 | 2012 |
| Registering Process | 8.100 | 79 | 11 | 2013 |
| Registering Process | 8.300 | 56 | 10 | 2014 |
| Registering Process | 9.004 | 66 | 6 | 2015 |
| Registering Process | 9.000 | 68 | 6 | 2016 |
| Registering Process | 8.959 | 56 | 7 | 2017 |
| Registering Process | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Registering Process | 9.004 | 72 | 8 | 2019 |
| Registering Process | 8.759 | 88 | 11 | 2020 |
| Registering Process | 8.759 | 88 | 11 | 2021 |
| Registering Process | 4.829 | 46 | 6 | 2022 |
| Registering Process | 4.747 | 45 | 6 | 2023 |
| Registering Process | 4.927 | 40 | 5 | 2024 |
| Registering Process | 5.073 | 38 | 4 | 2025 |
| Access to Financing | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Access to Financing | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Access to Financing | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Access to Financing | 0.700 | 119 | 22 | 2010 |
| Access to Financing | 2.200 | 122 | 23 | 2011 |
| Access to Financing | 2.300 | 121 | 22 | 2012 |
| Access to Financing | 2.800 | 112 | 21 | 2013 |
| Access to Financing | 3.500 | 69 | 12 | 2014 |
| Access to Financing | 3.553 | 42 | 5 | 2015 |
| Access to Financing | 3.553 | 43 | 5 | 2016 |
| Access to Financing | 2.813 | 116 | 20 | 2017 |
| Access to Financing | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Access to Financing | No Data | No Data | 2019 | |
| Access to Financing | No Data | No Data | 2020 | |
| Access to Financing | 2.438 | 125 | 26 | 2021 |
| Access to Financing | 2.438 | 125 | 26 | 2022 |
| Access to Financing | 2.438 | 121 | 25 | 2023 |
| Access to Financing | 2.438 | 121 | 25 | 2024 |
| Access to Financing | 0.900 | 104 | 10 | 2025 |
| Statistic | Score | Global | Region | Year |
Côte d'Ivoire - Intellectual Property Rights
| Statistic | Score | Global | Region | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Overall | 3.306 | 100 | 19 | 2010 |
| Overall | 3.800 | 103 | 20 | 2011 |
| Overall | 3.900 | 99 | 19 | 2012 |
| Overall | 3.900 | 103 | 23 | 2013 |
| Overall | 3.900 | 86 | 18 | 2014 |
| Overall | 3.786 | 101 | 20 | 2015 |
| Overall | 4.222 | 93 | 17 | 2016 |
| Overall | 4.120 | 105 | 23 | 2017 |
| Overall | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Overall | 4.084 | 104 | 21 | 2019 |
| Overall | 4.225 | 101 | 21 | 2020 |
| Overall | 3.927 | 109 | 18 | 2021 |
| Overall | 3.927 | 109 | 18 | 2022 |
| Overall | 4.536 | 96 | 14 | 2023 |
| Overall | 4.536 | 97 | 14 | 2024 |
| Overall | 4.536 | 93 | 14 | 2025 |
| Perception of IP Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Perception of IP Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Perception of IP Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 1.800 | 116 | 22 | 2010 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 3.100 | 119 | 22 | 2011 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 3.400 | 116 | 20 | 2012 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 3.800 | 107 | 22 | 2013 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 3.900 | 84 | 17 | 2014 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 3.575 | 86 | 13 | 2015 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 4.882 | 62 | 6 | 2016 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 4.576 | 84 | 13 | 2017 |
| Perception of IP Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 4.369 | 94 | 14 | 2019 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 4.791 | 81 | 12 | 2020 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 4.791 | 81 | 12 | 2021 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 4.791 | 81 | 12 | 2022 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 4.791 | 78 | 11 | 2023 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 4.791 | 78 | 11 | 2024 |
| Perception of IP Protection | 4.791 | 78 | 12 | 2025 |
| Patent Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Patent Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Patent Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Patent Protection | 6.117 | 73 | 8 | 2010 |
| Patent Protection | 6.100 | 72 | 8 | 2011 |
| Patent Protection | 6.100 | 72 | 8 | 2012 |
| Patent Protection | 6.100 | 70 | 8 | 2013 |
| Patent Protection | 5.800 | 72 | 10 | 2014 |
| Patent Protection | 5.783 | 76 | 11 | 2015 |
| Patent Protection | 5.783 | 77 | 11 | 2016 |
| Patent Protection | 5.783 | 77 | 11 | 2017 |
| Patent Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Patent Protection | 5.783 | 81 | 11 | 2019 |
| Patent Protection | 5.783 | 79 | 10 | 2020 |
| Patent Protection | 4.817 | 79 | 9 | 2021 |
| Patent Protection | 4.817 | 79 | 9 | 2022 |
| Patent Protection | 4.817 | 85 | 12 | 2023 |
| Patent Protection | 4.817 | 85 | 12 | 2024 |
| Patent Protection | 4.817 | 85 | 12 | 2025 |
| Copyright Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Copyright Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Copyright Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Copyright Protection | 2.000 | 79 | 5 | 2010 |
| Copyright Protection | 2.100 | 81 | 5 | 2011 |
| Copyright Protection | 2.100 | 82 | 5 | 2012 |
| Copyright Protection | 1.900 | 87 | 6 | 2013 |
| Copyright Protection | 1.900 | 67 | 6 | 2014 |
| Copyright Protection | 2.000 | 83 | 6 | 2015 |
| Copyright Protection | 2.000 | 85 | 6 | 2016 |
| Copyright Protection | 2.000 | 88 | 6 | 2017 |
| Copyright Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Copyright Protection | 2.100 | 86 | 5 | 2019 |
| Copyright Protection | 2.100 | 86 | 5 | 2020 |
| Copyright Protection | 2.100 | 87 | 5 | 2021 |
| Copyright Protection | 2.100 | 86 | 5 | 2022 |
| Copyright Protection | No Data | No Data | 2023 | |
| Copyright Protection | No Data | No Data | 2024 | |
| Copyright Protection | No Data | No Data | 2025 | |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2007 |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2008 |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2009 |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | 2010 | |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | 2011 | |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | 2012 | |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | 2013 | |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | 2014 | |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | 2015 | |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | 2016 | |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | 2017 | |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | No Data | 2018 |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | 2019 | |
| Trademark Protection | No Data | No Data | 2020 | |
| Trademark Protection | 4.000 | 112 | 18 | 2021 |
| Trademark Protection | 4.000 | 112 | 18 | 2022 |
| Trademark Protection | 4.000 | 111 | 18 | 2023 |
| Trademark Protection | 4.000 | 111 | 18 | 2024 |
| Trademark Protection | 4.000 | 112 | 18 | 2025 |
| Statistic | Score | Global | Region | Year |